Water Treatment System in Thane
Water is a critical resource for industries, commercial establishments, and institutions. With increasing industrial development and growing water demand, maintaining proper water quality has become essential for smooth operations, equipment protection, and sustainable water management.
Raw water often contains impurities such as suspended solids, dissolved salts, hardness minerals, chemicals, organic matter, and microorganisms. If untreated water is used directly in industrial processes, it can lead to scaling, corrosion, equipment failure, reduced efficiency, and increased operational costs.
A properly designed Water Treatment System in Thane helps remove unwanted contaminants and provides high-quality treated water suitable for industrial, commercial, and process applications.
Sam Enviro provides advanced water treatment solutions designed according to specific water quality requirements. As an experienced water treatment solution provider, we offer complete services including water analysis, system design, manufacturing, installation, commissioning, testing, and after-sales support.
Whether you require a compact commercial water treatment system or a customized industrial solution, Sam Enviro delivers reliable and cost-effective systems that improve water quality, protect equipment, and support sustainable operations.
Leading Water Treatment System Provider in Thane
Sam Enviro is a trusted provider of customized Water Treatment System in Thane, offering advanced solutions for industrial, commercial, and institutional applications.
Every application requires different water quality standards. A pharmaceutical plant may require high-purity water, while manufacturing industries may require treated process water, boiler feed water, or cooling tower water.
Our engineering team studies:
- Raw water characteristics
- Water quality parameters
- Treatment capacity
- Industry requirements
- Process applications
- Space availability
- Automation requirements
Based on these factors, we design efficient water treatment systems that deliver consistent performance.
Our complete water treatment solutions include:
- Water quality testing
- Process selection
- System engineering
- Equipment manufacturing
- Plant installation
- Commissioning
- Performance testing
- Maintenance support
Sam Enviro focuses on providing reliable systems that help industries reduce water-related problems and improve operational efficiency.
Water Treatment Equipment in Thane
Sam Enviro provides high-quality Water Treatment Equipment in Thane designed for efficient water purification, filtration, recycling, and industrial water management.
Our equipment is manufactured using advanced technology and high-quality components to ensure:
- Reliable operation
- Long service life
- Low maintenance
- High treatment efficiency
- Cost-effective performance
We supply various types of water treatment equipment including:
- Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants
- Ultrafiltration (UF) Systems
- Demineralization (DM) Plants
- Water Softener Systems
- Multimedia Filters
- Activated Carbon Filters
- Pressure Sand Filters
- Chemical Dosing Systems
- Water Recycling Systems
- Industrial Filtration Equipment
Each equipment system is customized according to:
- Water source
- Treatment requirement
- Flow capacity
- Water quality parameters
- Application type
Customized Water Treatment Systems in Thane
Every industry has different water treatment challenges. Sam Enviro provides customized Water Treatment Systems in Thane after detailed water analysis and technical evaluation.
Our customization process includes:
Raw Water Analysis
Before designing a system, our experts analyze:
- pH level
- Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
- Hardness
- Turbidity
- Conductivity
- Chemical composition
- Microbial contamination
This helps determine the most suitable treatment technology.
Process Design
Our engineers select the appropriate combination of technologies based on:
- Required treated water quality
- Daily water requirement
- Industrial application
- Operating conditions
Possible treatment combinations include:
- Filtration + RO
- Softening + RO
- DM + Filtration
- UF + RO
- Recycling + Advanced Treatment
Equipment Selection
We select reliable equipment components including:
- Pumps
- Membranes
- Pressure vessels
- Filters
- Control panels
- Automation systems
This ensures efficient and long-term operation.
Types of Water Treatment Systems
Sam Enviro provides different types of Water Treatment Systems in Thane suitable for various industrial and commercial requirements.
Industrial RO Water Treatment System
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is one of the most effective technologies used for removing dissolved impurities from water.
An Industrial RO System removes:
- Dissolved salts
- High TDS
- Heavy metals
- Chemical contaminants
- Organic impurities
Industrial RO systems are widely used in:
- Pharmaceutical industries
- Food processing industries
- Chemical plants
- Manufacturing units
- Laboratories
Benefits of Industrial RO Systems:
- High purification efficiency
- Consistent water quality
- Reduced dissolved impurities
- Suitable for critical applications
- Low chemical usage
Sam Enviro designs customized RO systems according to feed water quality and required output capacity.
Water Softener System
A water softener system removes hardness-causing minerals such as calcium and magnesium from water.
Hard water can cause:
- Scaling in pipelines
- Boiler efficiency reduction
- Equipment damage
- Increased maintenance costs
Sam Enviro provides industrial and commercial water softener systems for:
- Boilers
- Cooling towers
- Manufacturing processes
- Hotels
- Commercial buildings
Advantages:
- Prevents scale formation
- Improves equipment performance
- Extends machinery life
- Reduces maintenance expenses
Demineralized Water Treatment System
Demineralization systems remove dissolved mineral ions from water through ion exchange technology.
DM water is required where high-purity water is essential.
Applications:
- Pharmaceutical industries
- Power plants
- Chemical industries
- Boiler feed applications
Benefits:
- High-quality purified water
- Reduced mineral content
- Better process efficiency
- Protection of sensitive equipment
Ultrafiltration Water Treatment System
Ultrafiltration (UF) systems use membrane filtration technology to remove suspended solids, bacteria, and larger contaminants.
UF systems are used for:
- Industrial water purification
- Wastewater recycling
- RO pre-treatment
- Process water treatment
Benefits:
- Efficient filtration
- Compact design
- Low chemical requirement
- Improved water quality
Raw Water Treatment System
Raw water treatment systems are designed to purify water from sources such as:
- Borewell water
- Surface water
- River water
- Municipal water
These systems remove:
- Suspended solids
- Turbidity
- Organic matter
- Hardness
- Other impurities
Applications:
- Industries
- Commercial facilities
- Manufacturing plants
Water Recycling Treatment System
Water recycling systems help industries reuse treated wastewater and reduce freshwater consumption.
These systems help:
- Minimize wastewater discharge
- Reduce water expenses
- Improve sustainability
- Support environmental compliance
Applications:
- Manufacturing industries
- Industrial parks
- Commercial complexes
- Process industries
How Water Treatment System Works
A Water Treatment System in Thane works through multiple treatment stages depending on the quality of raw water and required output.
Step 1 – Water Testing and Analysis
The first step involves detailed water analysis.
Parameters tested include:
- pH
- TDS
- Hardness
- Turbidity
- Conductivity
- Chemical parameters
The analysis helps determine the correct treatment process.
Step 2 – Pre-Treatment Process
Pre-treatment protects advanced treatment equipment and improves overall system performance.
Common pre-treatment processes include:
- Sand filtration
- Activated carbon filtration
- Cartridge filtration
- Chemical dosing
Benefits:
- Removes suspended particles
- Protects membranes
- Improves system efficiency
Step 3 – Advanced Purification
Advanced technologies are used according to application requirements:
- Reverse Osmosis
- Ultrafiltration
- Demineralization
- Ion Exchange
- Membrane Filtration
These processes remove dissolved and microscopic contaminants.
Step 4 – Post Treatment
Post-treatment ensures the final water quality meets application requirements.
Processes include:
- UV disinfection
- Ozone treatment
- pH adjustment
- Mineral balancing
Step 5 – Storage and Distribution
The treated water is stored and supplied for:
- Industrial processes
- Commercial usage
- Utility applications
- Water recycling systems
Technologies Used in Water Treatment Systems
Sam Enviro uses advanced technologies to develop efficient Water Treatment Systems in Thane.
Our technologies include:
- Reverse Osmosis Technology
- Ultrafiltration Technology
- Ion Exchange Technology
- Activated Carbon Filtration
- Multimedia Filtration
- Demineralization Technology
- Water Softening Technology
- Chemical Treatment Systems
- Water Recycling Technology
These technologies help industries achieve:
- Better water quality
- Reduced operational costs
- Improved equipment life
- Sustainable water management
Importance of Water Treatment Systems for Industries
Industries require reliable water quality for continuous production and efficient operations.
A properly designed Water Treatment System in Thane helps industries:
- Prevent scaling and corrosion
- Improve production efficiency
- Reduce maintenance costs
- Protect machinery
- Maintain product quality
- Reduce freshwater dependency
- Support environmental sustainability
Sam Enviro provides complete water treatment solutions designed to meet modern industrial requirements.
Benefits of Installing a Water Treatment System in Thane
Installing an advanced Water Treatment System in Thane provides multiple benefits for industries, commercial facilities, and institutions. Untreated water can create serious operational challenges such as scaling, corrosion, equipment failure, and increased maintenance expenses.
Sam Enviro designs customized water treatment solutions that improve water quality, protect equipment, reduce operational costs, and support sustainable water management.
Improves Water Quality
The primary benefit of a water treatment system is the improvement of water quality by removing unwanted contaminants.
A properly designed system helps remove:
- Suspended solids
- Dissolved salts
- Hardness minerals
- Organic impurities
- Chemical contaminants
- Microorganisms
Improved water quality ensures reliable performance in industrial and commercial applications.
Protects Industrial Equipment
Poor-quality water can damage industrial equipment due to scaling and corrosion.
Water treatment systems protect:
- Boilers
- Cooling towers
- Heat exchangers
- Pipelines
- Production machinery
- Process equipment
Benefits:
- Reduced equipment failures
- Longer equipment life
- Improved operational reliability
- Lower repair costs
Reduces Maintenance Costs
Untreated water often results in frequent cleaning, repairs, and replacement of equipment components.
A reliable Water Treatment System in Thane helps:
- Reduce scaling problems
- Minimize corrosion
- Lower maintenance requirements
- Reduce production downtime
This allows industries to operate efficiently with fewer interruptions.
Improves Production Efficiency
Many industries depend on treated water for manufacturing and process applications.
Consistent water quality helps:
- Improve production performance
- Maintain product quality
- Reduce process variations
- Improve operational control
Saves Energy and Operational Costs
Scale deposits reduce heat transfer efficiency in boilers, cooling systems, and heat exchangers.
Water treatment systems help:
- Improve heat transfer efficiency
- Reduce energy consumption
- Optimize equipment performance
- Lower operational expenses
Supports Water Recycling and Reuse
Modern industries are focusing on sustainable water management.
Water recycling systems help:
- Reduce freshwater consumption
- Reuse treated wastewater
- Minimize discharge
- Improve environmental performance
Sam Enviro provides customized recycling solutions for industries looking to achieve sustainable operations.
Ensures Regulatory Compliance
Industries must maintain proper water quality and wastewater management standards.
Water treatment systems help organizations:
- Maintain discharge quality
- Follow environmental guidelines
- Reduce pollution impact
- Improve sustainability practices
Applications of Water Treatment Systems
Sam Enviro provides advanced Water Treatment Systems in Thane for various industrial, commercial, and institutional applications.
Boiler Feed Water Treatment
Boilers require high-quality water to operate efficiently.
Untreated water can cause:
- Scale formation
- Reduced heat transfer
- Increased fuel consumption
- Equipment damage
Water treatment systems help:
- Remove hardness
- Reduce dissolved impurities
- Improve boiler efficiency
- Extend equipment life
Applications:
- Power plants
- Manufacturing industries
- Chemical industries
- Textile industries
Cooling Tower Water Treatment
Cooling systems require treated water to prevent scaling and corrosion.
Benefits:
- Improved cooling efficiency
- Reduced chemical consumption
- Better heat transfer
- Longer equipment life
Applications:
- Manufacturing plants
- Commercial buildings
- Industrial facilities
Process Water Treatment
Industries require specific water quality for manufacturing processes.
Applications:
- Pharmaceutical production
- Food processing
- Chemical manufacturing
- Electronics industries
Benefits:
- Consistent water quality
- Improved production efficiency
- Reduced contamination risks
Drinking Water Purification
Commercial and industrial facilities require safe drinking water for employees and visitors.
Water treatment solutions help remove:
- Microorganisms
- Suspended particles
- Unwanted chemicals
- Odour and taste issues
Applications:
- Offices
- Schools
- Hospitals
- Hotels
- Industrial facilities
Water Recycling Applications
Water recycling systems treat wastewater and convert it into reusable water.
Applications:
- Industrial reuse
- Cooling applications
- Utility operations
- Process applications
Benefits:
- Reduced water consumption
- Lower wastewater generation
- Cost savings
- Environmental protection
Industries We Serve
Sam Enviro provides customized Water Treatment Equipment in Thane and complete water treatment systems for multiple industries.
Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical industries require high-quality water for:
- Manufacturing
- Cleaning
- Formulation processes
- Utility applications
Our solutions help:
- Produce purified water
- Maintain quality standards
- Protect sensitive equipment
- Improve operational efficiency
Water treatment systems used:
- RO Plants
- DM Plants
- Ultrafiltration Systems
- Water Purification Systems
Chemical Industry
Chemical industries require specialized treatment systems due to complex water requirements.
Our solutions help:
- Remove dissolved impurities
- Maintain chemical balance
- Protect equipment
- Improve process efficiency
Applications:
- Process water
- Boiler feed water
- Utility water treatment
Food and Beverage Industry
Food processing industries require safe and consistent water quality.
Water treatment systems help:
- Improve hygiene
- Maintain product quality
- Reduce contamination risks
- Support production processes
Applications:
- Dairy industries
- Beverage plants
- Food processing units
Textile Industry
Textile industries require treated water for:
- Dyeing
- Washing
- Processing
- Finishing operations
Water quality affects:
- Fabric quality
- Colour consistency
- Chemical efficiency
Sam Enviro systems help:
- Control hardness
- Improve process performance
- Reduce chemical usage
Automobile Industry
Automobile manufacturing requires treated water for:
- Surface treatment
- Painting operations
- Washing systems
- Cooling applications
Benefits:
- Better finishing quality
- Reduced equipment damage
- Improved production efficiency
Engineering and Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries depend on reliable water systems for:
- Production processes
- Equipment cleaning
- Cooling systems
- Utility applications
Our solutions help:
- Reduce downtime
- Improve machinery performance
- Optimize water usage
Hospitality Industry
Hotels and resorts require quality water for:
- Guest facilities
- Laundry
- Kitchens
- Swimming pools
Water treatment systems help:
- Improve water quality
- Protect plumbing systems
- Enhance customer experience
Healthcare Industry
Hospitals require treated water for:
- Sterilization
- Cleaning
- Medical applications
- Utility systems
Benefits:
- Improved hygiene
- Reliable water quality
- Better operational safety
Thane Industrial Areas We Cover
Sam Enviro provides Water Treatment Systems in Thane and nearby industrial locations.
Our service areas include:
- Wagle Estate
- Thane MIDC
- Kalwa Industrial Area
- Majiwada Industrial Area
- Rabale MIDC
- Airoli Industrial Area
- Ghansoli Industrial Area
- Mahape MIDC
- TTC Industrial Area
- Kopar Khairane
- Dombivli MIDC
- Ambernath Industrial Area
- Bhiwandi Industrial Area
- Navi Mumbai Industrial Areas
Our services include:
- Site inspection
- Water testing
- System design
- Equipment supply
- Installation
- Commissioning
- Maintenance support
Our Water Treatment Project Execution Process
Sam Enviro follows a systematic approach to deliver reliable water treatment solutions.
Step 1 – Water Analysis
Our experts conduct detailed water testing to understand:
- Water source
- Contaminants
- Hardness level
- TDS level
- Chemical properties
Step 2 – Requirement Assessment
We evaluate:
- Daily water requirement
- Application type
- Treatment capacity
- Required water quality
Step 3 – System Design
Our engineers design customized systems based on:
- Water analysis results
- Industry requirements
- Process applications
Step 4 – Manufacturing and Equipment Supply
We manufacture and supply reliable:
- Water treatment equipment
- Filtration systems
- RO systems
- Treatment units
Step 5 – Installation and Commissioning
Our technical team handles:
- Equipment installation
- Pipeline connection
- Electrical setup
- Performance testing
Step 6 – Maintenance and Support
We provide:
- Preventive maintenance
- AMC services
- Spare parts
- Technical assistance
Why Choose Sam Enviro?
Sam Enviro is a trusted provider of Water Treatment Systems in Thane, delivering customized solutions for industrial and commercial requirements.
Experienced Engineering Team
Our experienced engineers understand different water treatment challenges and provide efficient solutions.
Customized Solutions
Every system is designed according to:
- Water quality
- Application requirements
- Capacity needs
- Industry standards
Advanced Technology
We use modern technologies including:
- RO Systems
- UF Systems
- DM Plants
- Softening Systems
- Filtration Systems
- Recycling Systems
Complete Turnkey Solutions
We provide complete services from:
- Consultation
- Design
- Manufacturing
- Installation
- Commissioning
- Maintenance
Quality Equipment
Our equipment ensures:
- Reliable performance
- Long service life
- Low maintenance
- Efficient operation
Cost-Effective Solutions
Our systems are designed to optimize:
- Energy consumption
- Chemical usage
- Operational expenses
Reliable After-Sales Support
We provide:
- Technical support
- AMC services
- Troubleshooting
- Spare parts assistance
Advanced Water Treatment Technologies Used by Sam Enviro
A modern Water Treatment System in Thane requires advanced technologies to achieve efficient purification, reliable performance, and consistent water quality. Sam Enviro uses proven treatment technologies that are selected based on raw water characteristics, industrial requirements, and final water quality standards.
Our engineering experts analyze each project requirement and design customized solutions using suitable combinations of filtration, purification, separation, and recycling technologies.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Technology
Reverse Osmosis is one of the most effective water purification technologies used in industrial water treatment.
The RO process uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate dissolved impurities from water.
RO Systems Remove:
- Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
- Dissolved salts
- Heavy metals
- Chemical contaminants
- Organic impurities
- Microorganisms
Applications:
- Pharmaceutical industries
- Food processing industries
- Chemical plants
- Manufacturing industries
- Boiler feed water treatment
- Process water applications
Benefits:
- High purification efficiency
- Improved water quality
- Reduced dissolved impurities
- Suitable for critical industrial applications
- Reliable continuous operation
Sam Enviro manufactures customized RO systems according to:
- Feed water quality
- Required capacity
- Recovery percentage
- Application requirements
Ultrafiltration (UF) Technology
Ultrafiltration technology uses membrane filtration to remove suspended particles, bacteria, and larger contaminants from water.
UF systems are commonly used as:
- Pre-treatment for RO plants
- Wastewater recycling systems
- Industrial purification systems
UF Removes:
- Suspended solids
- Colloidal particles
- Bacteria
- Organic matter
- Turbidity
Advantages:
- Efficient filtration
- Compact system design
- Low chemical requirement
- Improved membrane protection
- Consistent water quality
Demineralization (DM) Technology
Demineralization systems are designed to remove dissolved minerals and ions from water using ion exchange technology.
DM systems are essential where high-purity water is required.
Applications:
- Pharmaceutical industries
- Power plants
- Chemical industries
- Boiler feed water systems
- Laboratory applications
Benefits:
- High-quality purified water
- Reduced mineral content
- Improved equipment performance
- Suitable for sensitive processes
Water Softening Technology
Hard water contains calcium and magnesium minerals that cause scaling problems in industrial equipment.
Water softener systems use ion exchange technology to remove hardness-causing minerals.
Applications:
- Boilers
- Cooling towers
- Heat exchangers
- Manufacturing processes
- Commercial buildings
Benefits:
- Prevents scale formation
- Improves heat transfer efficiency
- Extends equipment life
- Reduces maintenance costs
Multimedia Filtration Technology
Multimedia filtration systems remove suspended particles and turbidity from raw water.
The system uses multiple filtration layers to improve water quality.
Removes:
- Sand particles
- Suspended solids
- Turbidity
- Organic impurities
Applications:
- Industrial water treatment
- RO pre-treatment
- Raw water purification
Benefits:
- Reliable filtration
- Low operating cost
- Improved downstream performance
Activated Carbon Filtration Technology
Activated carbon filtration is used to remove chlorine, colour, odour, and organic compounds from water.
Applications:
- Drinking water purification
- Industrial process water
- RO protection systems
Benefits:
- Removes unwanted taste and odour
- Reduces organic impurities
- Improves water quality
Ion Exchange Technology
Ion exchange systems are used for removing specific ions from water.
Applications include:
- Water softening
- Demineralization
- Specialty purification processes
Benefits:
- High removal efficiency
- Reliable operation
- Customized treatment options
Chemical Dosing Systems
Chemical dosing systems are used to maintain water quality and improve treatment efficiency.
Applications:
- pH adjustment
- Coagulation
- Disinfection
- Scale control
Benefits:
- Better process control
- Improved treatment performance
- Reduced operational issues
UV and Ozone Disinfection Systems
Disinfection technologies help remove harmful microorganisms from treated water.
UV Disinfection
UV systems use ultraviolet radiation to destroy microorganisms.
Benefits:
- Chemical-free operation
- Safe disinfection
- Low maintenance
Ozone Treatment
Ozone technology provides powerful oxidation and disinfection.
Benefits:
- Effective microbial control
- Improved water quality
- Reduced chemical usage
Applications:
- Drinking water systems
- Food industries
- Pharmaceutical applications
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) System
Zero Liquid Discharge technology helps industries recover maximum water from wastewater.
ZLD systems treat wastewater and minimize liquid discharge.
Benefits:
- Maximum water recovery
- Reduced environmental impact
- Waste minimization
- Sustainable operations
Applications:
- Chemical industries
- Textile industries
- Pharmaceutical industries
- Manufacturing industries
Water Treatment Equipment Supplied by Sam Enviro
Sam Enviro provides high-quality Water Treatment Equipment in Thane designed for industrial and commercial applications.
Our equipment range includes:
Pressure Sand Filter (PSF)
Pressure Sand Filters remove suspended particles and turbidity from raw water.
Applications:
- Industrial filtration
- Pre-treatment systems
- Water purification plants
Benefits:
- Effective filtration
- Low maintenance
- Long operational life
Activated Carbon Filter (ACF)
Activated Carbon Filters remove:
- Chlorine
- Colour
- Odour
- Organic impurities
Applications:
- Drinking water treatment
- Industrial purification
Cartridge Filter System
Cartridge filters provide fine filtration before advanced treatment.
Benefits:
- Protects RO membranes
- Removes fine particles
- Improves system efficiency
RO Membrane System
RO membrane systems provide high-quality purification by removing dissolved impurities.
Applications:
- Industrial RO plants
- Process water systems
Chemical Dosing Equipment
Chemical dosing equipment ensures accurate chemical addition for treatment processes.
Applications:
- pH control
- Disinfection
- Scale prevention
Storage and Filtration Tanks
Sam Enviro provides customized tanks designed according to:
- Capacity requirements
- Material specifications
- Application needs
Water Treatment Solutions Based on Water Sources
Sam Enviro designs customized Water Treatment Systems in Thane based on different water sources.
Borewell Water Treatment System
Borewell water commonly contains:
- High hardness
- High TDS
- Iron content
- Dissolved minerals
Treatment solutions include:
- Water softeners
- RO systems
- Filtration systems
Benefits:
- Improved water quality
- Reduced scaling
- Better equipment protection
Municipal Water Treatment System
Municipal water may contain:
- Chlorine
- Suspended particles
- Microorganisms
Treatment solutions include:
- Activated carbon filters
- UV systems
- RO systems
Benefits:
- Improved safety
- Better taste and quality
- Suitable for commercial applications
Surface Water Treatment System
Surface water requires advanced treatment due to:
- High turbidity
- Organic contamination
- Suspended solids
Treatment processes include:
- Filtration
- Clarification
- Disinfection
Sustainable Water Management Solutions
Sam Enviro focuses on environmentally responsible water treatment solutions that support industries in reducing water consumption and improving resource efficiency.
Our solutions help:
- Recycle wastewater
- Reduce freshwater dependency
- Minimize discharge
- Improve sustainability
Sustainable water management provides:
- Lower operating costs
- Better environmental performance
- Long-term water security
Why Sam Enviro is the Right Choice for Water Treatment Solutions
Choosing the right Water Treatment Company in Thane is important for achieving reliable performance and long-term benefits.
Sam Enviro provides:
Technical Expertise
Our experienced engineers understand:
- Water chemistry
- Industrial requirements
- Treatment processes
- Equipment selection
Customized Engineering Solutions
We design systems according to:
- Water analysis
- Capacity requirements
- Industry applications
- Performance expectations
Quality Manufacturing
Our equipment is manufactured using:
- Reliable components
- Advanced technology
- Industrial-grade materials
Complete Project Support
We provide:
- Consultation
- Design
- Manufacturing
- Installation
- Commissioning
- Maintenance
Long-Term Customer Support
Our services include:
- Preventive maintenance
- AMC support
- Spare parts
- Technical assistance
